Background of the study
Language borrowing is a common phenomenon in multilingual societies, and Nigerian English is no exception. The integration of loanwords from indigenous languages, as well as global tongues such as Arabic, Portuguese, and French, has significantly influenced the phonological system of Nigerian English. This study investigates the impact of language borrowing on Nigerian phonology by analyzing the pronunciation and adaptation of loanwords. It examines how borrowed terms undergo phonetic adjustments—such as vowel shifts, consonant substitutions, and prosodic modifications—to conform to the phonological rules of Nigerian English. The research utilizes a corpus of loanwords drawn from media, education, and everyday conversation to identify patterns of phonological change. Additionally, it considers the sociolinguistic factors that drive borrowing and phonological adaptation, including prestige, globalization, and cultural identity. This inquiry not only contributes to theoretical understandings of language contact and change but also informs language teaching practices and policy development regarding linguistic diversity (Ogunleye, 2023; Ibrahim, 2024; Suleiman, 2025).
Statement of the problem
Although language borrowing significantly influences Nigerian English, there is limited systematic research on the phonological adaptation of loanwords. Inconsistent pronunciation of borrowed words can lead to confusion and communication breakdowns. This lack of empirical data hampers efforts to develop accurate phonological models and effective language teaching strategies that accommodate linguistic diversity (Ogunleye, 2023).
Objectives of the study:
• To document phonological changes in loanwords within Nigerian English.
• To analyze the adaptation processes of borrowed terms.
• To recommend guidelines for language education and policy.
Research questions:
• How are loanwords phonologically adapted in Nigerian English?
• What patterns emerge in the pronunciation of borrowed words?
• What implications do these adaptations have for language teaching?
Significance of the study
This study is significant as it explores how language borrowing shapes the phonology of Nigerian English, providing insights critical for educators, linguists, and policymakers in managing linguistic diversity and enhancing communication clarity (Suleiman, 2025).
Scope and limitations of the study:
The study focuses solely on loanwords in Nigerian English and their phonological adaptations, excluding other linguistic aspects.
Definitions of terms:
• Language Borrowing: The process of adopting words from one language into another.
• Loanwords: Words borrowed from a foreign language.
• Phonology: The study of the sound systems of languages.
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